Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas Dust bowl surveying
in Texas,April 18, 1935
I’m more or less on vacation
this month (sadly it’s been more “less” than “more” this week) and have been
catching up on reading. The book
I’m most interested in right now is one called “The Worst Hard Times” by
Timothy Egan. It’s about the run up to
and the actual survival of the Dust Bowl on the American Great Plains in the
1930’s. It’s a good read that’s
well researched.
The part I have found most
interesting is the tale of hope, greed, ignorance and hubris that brought about
this man made environmental, social and economic disaster. It’s probably the first clearly man
made environmental disaster ever documented although I suspect there are many
others in man’s earlier history that haven’t been fully documented yet. There certainly have been many since.
As with most such events it
started as some folks simply trying to make a better life for themselves. In the early part of this century the
only really open and free land left for immigrants (we actually welcomed them
back then) or folks in the east looking for a better life in the west was on
the high plains, then known as the Great American Desert. It was a sea of grasses that received
little rain but was superbly adapted to surviving the regular droughts (hence
the desert part of the name). By
the start of the 20th century we’d already killed off most of the
buffalo, an animal well adapted to the extremes of temperature there, and
replaced them with cattle that were unable to survive the cold winters and hot
summers of the region.
The next step of
domestication of the plains was to try to farm land that was fertile but often
received scant rainfall. Settlers
were drawn to the region by railroads and other developers who downplayed the
harsh realities and masked them with that great notion: opportunity. In the end bad farming practices
prompted by ignorance, misplaced government incentives and a marketplace ill
prepared to deal with shifting commodity prices caused by falling demand for
and over-production of wheat left the land naked of the grass cover that had
always protected it. Several dry
years turned the exposed sandy loam to powder and wind carried it away in great
cloud that deposited much of the topsoil of the Great Plains east of the
Mississippi.
I expect we’ve all seen the
pictures of the mess we created. But, we also eventually cleaned it up with better farming practices and land
reclamation mostly developed and implemented by our government.
I personally take this as an
object lesson that we ignore our environment and what the changes in it tell us
at our peril. It also makes it clear to me that even well intentioned acts of
man can cause great harm to the world and ultimately, mankind. Today, I believe there is ample
evidence that the continued growth in the use of fossil fuels poses a threat to
our environment. In the future we
may find that the evidence or the interpretation of it was wrong but I think it
shortsighted to ignore it until we are absolutely certain that it’s
correct. By then it may be too
late and certitude is the realm of politics and religion, not science.
Before the Dust Bowl, there
were many voices that proclaimed that the Great Plains was no place to farm and
that the practices of the time would lead to disaster. They were belittled and ignored by
those who had a financial interest in the status quo. The average farmer on the Plains could only make decisions
based on limited knowledge and the immediate financial prospects for his
family. There are parallels in
today’s situation but we’re now talking about an issue that may affect the
whole planet and not just one region of it.
At the same time we can also
take another lesson from the Dust Bowl.
If we simply alter some of our practices we can ultimately achieve what
we hope to in the future. The
Great American Desert is being farmed intensively these days but in a different
way. It’s not a perfect system but
it does not seem to endanger the entire region as farming there once did. Similarly, I believe we can probably
develop technologies and practices that will allow us to continue to enjoy our
lifestyle, with some simple changes, and still allow a chance for those in
developing countries to achieve the same.
We just need to make that commitment to ourselves, and our
children.
The question is: Will
we?
Dust is too much for this farmer's son in Cimarron County,
Oklahoma. Arthur Rothstein, photographer, 1936. (Library of Congress)